McCullough and Wiener

        The digital world brings hand crafts into the 21st century. In digital production craft refers to the condition where people apply standard technological means to unanticipated or indescribable ends. This article explores the paradox of craft through the use of hands, whether we use them to make a basket or create something through photoshop.
According to McCullough, the term craft implies amatuerism and difference. Over time the tem craft has evolved into a catergory that explains crafting as not quite art and isolated in the field of folk arts. However, with the emergence of the digital world, crafting can be viewed in a similar but new light, without negative conotation. Overall craft is skilled work whether done with or without technology. This article emphasizes the use of touch and direct manipulation when it comes to understanding the creation of digital craft, the term haptic exemplfies this. Computers and electronic symbol processing. Through computer usage one may may be able identify the minimal use of skill in other areas of ones life. Learning the ins and outs of computers actually helps you understand the skill, and mode it takes to learn a handicraft or even an instrument. Overall “ craft no only share technique but the capacity of the medium itself, a passion for practice,and moral values as an activity independent of what is produced”, this should apply to both the physical DIY realm and the electronic realm.


Cybernetics
This article involoves the problems of communication engineering. Communication engineering has brought up many issues to humanity, it  imitates human behavior, implying human behavior is slow and ineffective. Scientists and engineers who work in this field have tendency to be percieved as exploting technology at any cost. People now idolozie computers and their marvels yet the rapid expanse of technology in genereal seems to impose some kind of forbodung consequence on humanity that we all seemt o be unaware of. This article aims to find the role of message to man from technology, through the terms of input, output, and memory. Wiener states “it his thesis that the operation of the living individual and the operation of some of the newer communication machines are precisely parallel” .